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Summary
Summary
In this brilliant exploration of our cosmic environment, the renowned particle physicist and New York Times bestselling author of Warped Passages and Knocking on Heaven's Door uses her research into dark matter to illuminate the startling connections between the furthest reaches of space and life here on Earth.
Sixty-six million years ago, an object the size of a city descended from space to crash into Earth, creating a devastating cataclysm that killed off the dinosaurs, along with three-quarters of the other species on the planet. What was its origin? In Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs , Lisa Randall proposes it was a comet that was dislodged from its orbit as the Solar System passed through a disk of dark matter embedded in the Milky Way. In a sense, it might have been dark matter that killed the dinosaurs.
Working through the background and consequences of this proposal, Randall shares with us the latest findings-established and speculative-regarding the nature and role of dark matter and the origin of the Universe, our galaxy, our Solar System, and life, along with the process by which scientists explore new concepts. In Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs, Randall tells a breathtaking story that weaves together the cosmos' history and our own, illuminating the deep relationships that are critical to our world and the astonishing beauty inherent in the most familiar things.
Reviews (5)
Publisher's Weekly Review
Using accessible writing and vivid examples, Randall (Higgs Discovery), a theoretical particle physicist and cosmologist at Harvard University, examines the indirect role dark matter may have played in the extinction of the dinosaurs, as just one example of the unlikely connections to be found in the universe. She builds her argument methodically, moving from discussions of the big bang and galaxy formation, through prehistoric extinction events, and into the way dark matter interacts with other forces and particles. Scientists detect dark matter indirectly, Randall says. In space, a massive object bends light as it zips past, so that object's mass can then be determined by measuring the bend. Its gravity can also perturb the motion of other bodies passing through the area. Randall proposes the existence of a dense disk of dark matter inside the galactic disk of the Milky Way. As stars-including our sun-rotate around a galactic center, they and their planets cross the dark disk. On Earth's pass-through, the dark disk's gravity could have perturbed an icy rock in the Oort Cloud, sending it on a collision course with Earth. Randall covers a lot of ground, but does so smoothly even when addressing some of science's most abstruse subjects. Hers is a fascinating, tantalizing theory, linking life on Earth-or the extinction thereof-with the very origins of our universe. (Nov.) © Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved.
Kirkus Review
Randall (Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology/Harvard Univ.; Knocking on Heaven's Door: How Physics and Scientific Thinking Illuminate the Universe and the Modern World, 2011, etc.) explores the causes of the fifth major extinction event, which occurred 66 million years ago and wiped out terrestrial dinosaurs and three-quarters of all other species living on Earth.Dinosaurs dominated life on Earth for 135 million years. Geologists and paleontologists now agree that their relatively sudden extinction is attributable to the impact of a comet or asteroid hitting the Earth and precipitating major climate change. The author seeks to test her hypothesis that "a disk of dark matter in the plane of the Milky Way was responsible for triggering the meteoroid's fatal trajectory." For Randall, the role of dark matter in the evolution of the universe is the next scientific frontier. Dark matter constitutes 85 percent of the matter in the universe. It is not composed of atoms or electrons (the stuff of ordinary matter), and it does not interact with light or other radiation. We only know of its existence because of its measurable gravitational effects. Randall believes that it may have played a significant role in the existence of life on Earth not only by triggering a major climate-changing meteoroid collision, but by precipitating smaller impacts that deposited the heavy elements necessary for life (e.g., carbon) and possibly even amino acids. Now that the existence of the Higgs boson has been confirmed, the author is setting her sights on this exciting scientific area, which is built on the advances in scientific understanding of cosmic events over the past 50 years. Specifically, this involves establishing the possibility that there was a periodicity in the five extinction events reflective of still-unknown cosmic events possibly involving dark matter. Writing in a deceptively chatty narrative style, Randall provides a fascinating window into the excitement of discovery and the rigor required to test and elaborate new hypotheses. A top-notch science book from a leading researcher. Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
Booklist Review
*Starred Review* To explain the disappearance of the largest land animals the earth has ever seen, Randall probes something that has never been seen: dark matter. More specifically, this acclaimed physicist argues that it was dark matter that nudged a comet earthward, so wiping out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. As Randall unfolds the reasoning behind this bold speculation, she traverses an impressive range of science. Readers learn of the decisive role that dark matter undetectable except for its gravitational pull played in shaping galaxy clusters. They also learn about the dynamics of our own solar system, where our planet's remarkable powers to sustain life may grow or diminish through the impact of objects from space. Widely publicized evidence that such an impact exterminated the dinosaurs gains astonishing new significance as Randall reinterprets it within her theory of how a disk of unusually interactive dark matter, insinuated in the heart of the Milky Way, unleashes a shower of meteoroids every 32 million years. Engrossing in its own right, this theory opens onto an illuminating survey of the cutting-edge science now deployed to test its components, including its daring redefinition of dark matter. As she did in Warped Passages (2005) and Knocking on Heaven's Door (2011), Randall delivers intellectual exhilaration.--Christensen, Bryce Copyright 2015 Booklist
New York Review of Books Review
A GOOD THEORY is an act of the informed imagination - it reaches toward the unknown while grounded in the firmest foundations of the known. In "Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs," the Harvard cosmologist Lisa Randall proposes that a thin disk of dark matter in the plane of the Milky Way triggered a minor perturbation in deep space that caused the major earthly catastrophe that decimated the dinosaurs. It's an original theory that builds on a century of groundbreaking discoveries to tell the story of how the universe as we know it came to exist, how dark matter illuminates its beguiling unknowns and how the physics of elementary particles, the physics of space, and the biology of life intertwine in ways both bewildering and profound. If correct, Randall's theory would require us to radically reappraise some of our most fundamental assumptions about the universe and our own existence. Sixty-six million years ago, according to her dark-matter disk model, a tiny twitch caused by an invisible force in the far reaches of the cosmos hurled a comet three times the width of Manhattan toward Earth at least 700 times the speed of a car on a freeway. The collision produced the most powerful earthquake of all time and released energy a billion times that of an atomic bomb, heating the atmosphere into an incandescent furnace that killed three-quarters of Earthlings. No creature heavier than 55 pounds, or about the size of a Dalmatian, survived. The death of the dinosaurs made possible the subsequent rise of mammalian dominance, without which you and I would not have evolved to ponder the perplexities of the cosmos. A necessary primer: Dark matter is the invisible cosmic stuff that, like ordinary matter - which makes up the stars and the stardust, you and me and everything we know - interacts with gravity but, unlike ordinary matter, doesn't interact with light. Although scientists know that dark matter exists and accounts for a staggering 85 percent of the universe - billions of dark-matter particles are passing through you this very second - they don't yet know what it's made of. For Randall the possibilities within that mystery are among the most thrilling frontiers of human knowledge. Ordinary matter contains an entire ecosystem of particles - among them various quarks and neutrinos, the electron, and the newly discovered Higgs boson. So far, scientists have assumed that dark matter comprises only one type of particle. Randall, however, posits that dark matter might also comprise a variety of building blocks that interact through different forces. No prior theory has considered the simple yet profound possibility that while most dark matter doesn't interact with ordinary matter, a portion of it might. Because dark matter carries five times the energy of ordinary matter, that tiny fraction could have enormous consequences. Randall calls the force driving that fraction "dark light" - an appropriately paradoxical term confuting the haughty human assumption that the world we see is all there is. Her hypothesis that dark matter might interact with itself through its own unique form of invisible light calls to mind the poetic title of a 2003 paper by the physicist Brian Josephson about Einstein's famous conversation with the Indian philosopher Rabindranath Tagore: "We Think That We Think Clearly, but That's Only Because We Don't Think Clearly." As stimulating as the substance of the book is, however, Randall doesn't quite join the ranks of such masterly science-storytellers as Stephen Jay Gould, Diane Ackerman, Alan Lightman or James Gleick. Giants like the late Oliver Sacks - working scientists who are also enchanting writers - come about once or twice a century, if we're lucky. Randall is first and foremost a working scientist - but while she isn't a natural storyteller of Sacks's caliber, she is an excellent explainer, and her affection for her subject matter is infectious. "Anyone who writes down to children is simply wasting his time," E. B. White told The Paris Review in 1969. "You have to write up, not down." What is true of children's books turns out to be true of science books. While you need not be a physicist to metabolize the narrative, you are certainly called upon to do your own chewing - a rare opportunity in a culture where we are taken for so intellectually inept that our own conclusions are fed to us in listicles of bite-size buzz. To be sure, Randall does have her lyrical moments - it's hard to imagine that someone this genuinely enamored with the cosmos wouldn't, much less a scientist who alludes to Blake in explaining cosmological inflation and weaves a description of a Renaissance fresco into the history of comets. Above all, she takes care to reveal the inherent poetry of science: The dinosaurs, who walked the earth for much longer than we have, perished, but from them evolved the birds that animate our skies; meteorites, for all their deadly capacity, once deposited the very amino acids that became the seeds of earthly life. "Extinctions," Randall writes, "destroy life, but they also reset the conditions for life's evolution." The universe is strewn with dualities, which Randall insightfully exposes. Therein lies the book's greatest reward - the gift of perspective. The existence of parallel truths is what gives our world its tremendous richness, and the grand scheme of things is far grander than our minds habitually imagine. "The future enters into us in this way in order to transform itself in us long before it happens," Rilke wrote. Although it took the deadly comet an immeasurably long time to reach its earthly victims, the dinosaurs' destiny - and, in consequence, our own - was sealed in the cosmic blink when dark matter jolted that icy body out of orbit. It's a sobering revelation of the gestational period of consequences. As Randall peers into the universe's 13.8-billion-year history, she notes that in her lifetime alone, human population has more than doubled, straining Earth's resources and undermining cosmic work billions of years in the making. Although her periodicity model projects that a major meteoroid isn't expected to hit us for another 32 million years or so, our civilization's impact on the planet is like that of a slow-moving comet headed for doom - but unlike the one that killed the dinosaurs, Randall reminds us, we still have a chance to avert its course. Almost more interesting than the theory itself is Randall's tour of the process of scientific endeavor, in which scientists traverse the abyss between the known and the unknown, suspended by intuition, adventurousness, a large dose of stubbornness and a measure of luck. Her account of how scientists proved that a meteoroid killed the dinosaurs - a hypothesis that was first considered preposterous but that later precipitated a worldwide detective story 30 years in the making - is one of the most thrilling tales in the history of science. Only time will tell whether Randall's own model ends up as the kind of work that merits a Nobel Prize or as one of those trailblazing wrongs that steer future scientists toward the truth. Randall's work, which she approaches with equal parts passion and precision, is perhaps best described as creative computational cosmology. Although she is one of the world's most prominent working scientists, her theory is essentially a thought experiment in the tradition of philosophy, bridging metaphysics with the most strenuous experiment and observation of science. What emerges is an imaginative and ambitious model of how we ended up where we are now. Science, after all, isn't merely about advancing information - it's about advancing understanding. Its task is to disentangle the opinions and the claims from the facts in the service of truth. But beyond the "what" of truth, successful science writing tells a complete story of the "how" - the methodical marvel building up to the "why" - and Randall does just that. MARIA POPOVA is the founder of BrainPickings .org and an M.I.T. Futures of Entertainment fellow.
Choice Review
Most readers will be familiar with the theory that an impact between a comet and Earth some 65 million years ago resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. Here, award-winning theoretical physicist Randall (Harvard Univ.), author of Knocking on Heaven's Door (2011) and Warped Passages (CH, Mar'06, 43-4084), carries this theory a major step forward by suggesting that dark matter, which makes up about 27 percent of the universe, played a major role in the extinction by nudging a large comet from the Oort cloud that subsequently impacted Earth. In making her case, the author explains a great deal about our galaxy and its inhabitants, dark energy and matter, and the working of the universe in general. A topic of this magnitude could make for heavy reading. However, the author has an entertaining writing style that is readily understandable to the layperson with little technical background. The 20-page "Supplementary Reading" section enhances the value of this excellent work. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All library collections. --Clair G. Wood, Eastern Maine Community College
