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Résumé
Résumé
A "riveting and illuminating" Bill Gates Summer Reading pick about how and why some nations recover from trauma and others don't (Yuval Noah Harari), by the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of the landmark bestseller Guns, Germs, and Steel .
In his international bestsellers Guns, Germs and Steel and Collapse , Jared Diamond transformed our understanding of what makes civilizations rise and fall. Now, in his third book in this monumental trilogy, he reveals how successful nations recover from crises while adopting selective changes -- a coping mechanism more commonly associated with individuals recovering from personal crises.
Diamond compares how six countries have survived recent upheavals -- ranging from the forced opening of Japan by U.S. Commodore Perry's fleet, to the Soviet Union's attack on Finland, to a murderous coup or countercoup in Chile and Indonesia, to the transformations of Germany and Austria after World War Two. Because Diamond has lived and spoken the language in five of these six countries, he can present gut-wrenching histories experienced firsthand. These nations coped, to varying degrees, through mechanisms such as acknowledgment of responsibility, painfully honest self-appraisal, and learning from models of other nations. Looking to the future, Diamond examines whether the United States, Japan, and the whole world are successfully coping with the grave crises they currently face. Can we learn from lessons of the past?
Adding a psychological dimension to the in-depth history, geography, biology, and anthropology that mark all of Diamond's books, Upheaval reveals factors influencing how both whole nations and individual people can respond to big challenges. The result is a book epic in scope, but also his most personal yet.
Critiques (5)
Critique du Publishers Weekly
Drastic national course corrections flow from complex social psychologies, according to this rich but unfocused treatise in comparative history. Pulitzer-winning UCLA geography professor Diamond (Guns, Germs and Steel) examines episodes of national upheaval and change, including Japan's opening to the West after 1853, Finland's accommodation of the Soviet Union after they fought during WWII, and Chile's whipsawing from Salvador Allende's socialist regime to Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship to liberal democracy. He analyzes these developments through the lens of "crisis therapy," a psychological treatment program for trauma victims, identifying 12 factors that help societies rebound from crises, including honest self-appraisal, a strong identity and core values, flexibility, help from external sources, and freedom from geopolitical constraints. He also applies these factors to present-day crises, including Japan's population decline, America's political polarization, and climate change. Diamond offers far-ranging, erudite, lucid accounts of historical cruxes, spiced by sharp-eyed personal observations-he seems to have been everywhere-of national characters and quirks. Unfortunately, his social-psychological framework lacks the concise explanatory power of his books on geographical and environmental influences on history; his factors often seem like squishy truisms that fit any happenstance without proving much beyond the importance of realism and adaptability. The result is a suite of notable historical retrospectives that point in no singular direction. (May) © Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved.
Critique de Kirkus
The MacArthur fellow and Pulitzer Prize winner looks at how societies respond to crises.A crisis is a turning point, a time when decision and action are necessary. As Diamond (Geography/UCLA; The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies?, 2012, etc.) puts it, it is a "moment of truth" that calls on us to cope. We do so as individuals following such adaptations as we are able to draw on, including recognizing that there's a problem, being honest in appraising where the fault lies and what can be done, and then drawing on flexibility and intelligence to work things out. So it is with societies. Diamond astutely examines seven turning points in the history of the world, some of them little knowne.g., the Winter War between Russian and Finland, which briefly pushed Finland into the Nazi camp and involved a humiliating defeat first for the Soviets and then for the Finns. Nations "do or don't undertake honest self-appraisal," writes the author: The Russians scarcely acknowledge a war that remains strong in Finnish history, just as Germany, the epicenter of Nazism, at first tried to brush aside that history and then became the first among nations in acknowledging guilt and making sure such crimes would not be repeated. For its part, Japan has not adequately owned up to the historical chain that made it into a modern nation and then a brutal imperial power, while the United States has yet to reckon with the crisis of slavery, racial enmity, and civil war. Diamond seeks commonalities and distinctions. In his case studies, only Indonesia lacks a strong sense of national identity, which is explainable given its rather recent emergence as a nation and which helps explain its reluctance to work through a traumatic civil war in which millions may have died. Just so, honest self-appraisal is sometimes hard to come by, as when modern Americans shun scientific reasoning, "a very bad portent, because science is basically just the accurate description and understanding of the real world."Vintage Diamond; of a piece with Collapse (2004) and likely to appeal to the same broad audience. Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
Critique de Booklist
A new comparative study by big-picture thinker Diamond (The World until Yesterday, 2013) uses concepts from the treatment of psychological trauma to discuss nations in crisis. He examines seven historic examples, including Meiji Japan, forced from isolation by Commodore Perry; Finland, caught between belligerent neighbors in WWII; autocracy in Pinochet's Chile; civil strife in Indonesia; and postwar rebuilding in Germany. Each is evaluated against a matrix of factors lifted from the lexicon of personal crises: awareness that one is in a crisis, including ego strength; honest self-appraisal; experience of previous crises, and flexibility. Each case history reveals salient points about selective change, or its absence, among nations, laying the groundwork for what Diamond really wants to talk about: the future of the U.S. as a nation and of the planet as a place to exist. It's a cogent discussion and a plea for perspective; some of today's crises have been weathered before. Diamond attributes his new focus on national psychology to his wife, UCLA clinical psychiatrist Marie Cohen, and, in spite of its rather formal presentation, this is notably a more personal work for Diamond, who shares his experience with each country studied, folding in anecdotes and impressions.HIGH-DEMAND BACKSTORY: Given Diamond's media visibility and the enormous popularity of his earlier works, this will be avidly requested.--Brendan Driscoll Copyright 2019 Booklist
Critique du New York Review of Books
Crisis Management Jared Diamond asks whether countries can draw lessons from the ways individuals confront difficulties. UPHEAVAL Turning Points for Nations in Crisis By Jared Diamond 502 pp. Little, Brown & Company. $35. If YOU'VE ever been at a wedding or conference or on board a United connection from O'Hare, and been cornered by a man with Theories About It All, and you came away thinking, "That was a great experience," have I got the book for you. Jared Diamond's "Upheaval" belongs to the genre of 30,000-foot books, which sell an explanation of everything. I travel often and see them a lot: at airport bookstores, where Steven Pinker and Yuval Noah Harari (both of whom blurbed "Upheaval") and Diamond, of course, deserve permanent shelves; and in the air, where I've noticed that a pretty disproportionate fraction of readers who read in the quiet of 30,000 feet have a preference for writers who write from the viewpoint of 30,000 feet. So I dug into Diamond's latest, intrigued by his thesis that the way individual humans cope with crisis might teach something to countries. Then, before long, the first mistake caught my eye; soon, the 10th. Then graver ones. Errors, along with generalizations, blind spots and oversights, that called into question the choice to publish. I began to wonder why we give some people, and only some, the platform, and burden, to theorize about everything. The theory proposed by Diamond - a professor of geography at the University of California at Los Angeles and the author of several books, including the Pulitzer Prizewinning "Guns, Germs and Steel" - is interesting. Human beings go through personal crises all the time. We know a lot about how people change in order to cope - or fail to. What if we applied those lessons to countries in quagmires? Drawing on the work of therapists, Diamond reports that the key for individuals coping with a crisis is "selective change." People who successfully overcome a problem tend to identify and isolate it, figuring out "which parts of their identities are already functioning well and don't need changing, and which parts are no longer working and do need changing." Diamond asks, Could the same be true for countries? He believes so, and he seeks to test his theory by adapting a dozen factors known to affect the resolution of personal crises to national crises. Some factors translate easily - just as people must first accept being in crisis, nations must first come to a consensus about their woes. Other analogies feel more strained - help from your close friends translates into material and financial aid from allies. Armed with this framework, Diamond sets out to see how well it fits countries' actual histories. Diamond's method is the case study. Looking at Finland, Japan, Chile, Indonesia, Germany, Australia and the United States at pivotal moments in their histories, he evaluates their courses of action with reference to his 12 bullet points. Meiji-era Japan, needing to open up to the world while preserving its cultural core, found a way "to adopt many Western features, but to modify them to suit Japanese circumstances." After World War II, Germany worked its way to taking full responsibility for its actions and thereby successfully transformed itself. America, in part because it shrugs off the lessons of other places, struggles to resolve its issues. At the end of each chapter, each mini-history, Diamond pauses to ask some variant of: "How does Indonesia's crisis fit into our framework?" And this is a tell. The Framework is driving the inquiry here, and everything stands at its service. The people we encounter are seldom richly portrayed, because only The Framework matters. The stories we learn about each country are often partial and slanted, because only The Framework matters. Countries where racism and tolerance, sexism and equality have long been in tension are portrayed as being entirely one thing before magically becoming the opposite thing, because The Framework can only process monoliths. With a focus on The Framework, facts recede in importance. The book is riddled with errors. Diamond gets wrong the year of the Brexit vote. He claims that, under President Ronald Reagan, "government shutdowns were nonexistent." But they occurred a number of times. He describes Australian-rules football as a sport "invented in Australia and played nowhere else." But it is played elsewhere - in Nauru, where it is the national sport, as well as in China, Canada, France, Japan, Ireland and the United States, according to the Australian Football League. Diamond says a 1976 terrorist attack in Washington, D.C., targeting a former Chilean official, was "the only known case of a foreign terrorist killing an American citizen on American soil - until the World Trade Towers attack of 2001." This claim wholly overlooks the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, in which six people died. He refers to Lee Kuan Yew as "Singapore's prime minister," even though he no longer occupies that role, not least because he's dead. Then the generalizations: hoo boy. At one point during World War II, Diamond says, the people of Finland, facing Soviet bellicosity, "were unanimous in refusing to compromise further." A whole nation, unanimous! We learn of another instance of 100 percent society-wide agreement down under, where "Australians debating the federal constitution argued about many matters but were unanimous about excluding all nonwhite races from Australia." But in fact they argued about this issue, too, and one framer, Andrew Inglis Clark, the Tasmanian attorney general, sought, unsuccessfully, to introduce an adapted version of the American 14 th Amendment, which would have prohibited discrimination by race. In claiming that Germany has become more socially liberal, Diamond claims, "There is no spanking of children; in fact, it's now forbidden by law!" But how can a serious thinker confuse the passage of a law with fidelity to it? An organization that tracks the efficacy of the law has found its enactment to have reduced, but hardly ended hitting. To read Diamond is also to learn, apparently, how all Chileans identify (with Europe and the United States, not Latin America); and how all "Indonesians take their national identity for granted." (Except, perhaps, the separatist groups?) Sometimes the book feels written from a drying well of lifelong research rather than from the latest facts. For example, Diamond tells us Americans have always been a highly mobile people and are "unlikely" to "move less often." He must be unfamiliar with the rather well-publicized new data declaring the opposite: "Fewer Americans Are Moving to Pursue Better Jobs Across the Nation," NPR says, citing the Census Bureau's research that the number of Americans who move in a given year has dropped by half since the 1940s. There are far more of these errors than I have space to list, too many to dismiss this calling-out as nit-picking. And they matter because of the book's nature. If we can't trust you on the little and medium things, how can we trust you where authors of 30,000-foot books really need our trust - on the big, hardto-check claims? On how the end of the White Australia policy "resulted from five considerations." (Not four, not six, and the ones you happen to name.) On how Finns' love of their language is what made them willing to fight and die for Finland. On how Tokyo is clean "because Japanese children learn to be clean and to clean up" (and not, for example, because the city spends 3.9 percent of its budget on public health and sanitation, according to a quick search, compared with the 1.9 percent of New York City's 2018 budget that went to the Department of Sanitation). WHILE "UPHEAVAL" DOES LIST sources in the back, Diamond seldom quotes books. He is far fonder of quoting his many friends. "Why does Japan pursue these stances? My Japanese friends suggest three explanations." That's what we're going with? Or he describes "the 1973 coup that many of my Chilean friends characterize as inevitable." First of all, why are we paying you to hear your friends' random theories? Second of all, how can a coup ever be inevitable? You mean to say that a plot as delicate as that could under no scenario have gone wrong? Since we're talking about our friends, I know so many younger writers, especially women and people of color, who are smart, thoughtful, buttoned up and pretty damn accurate who would kill for an opening to publish a book with a serious publisher - and who know in their bones that, if they were ever this sloppy, their career would be over before it had even begun. There is also a systemic issue here. The time has come for those of us who work in book-length nonfiction to insist that professional fact-checking become as inalienable from publishing as publicity, marketing and jacket design - and at the publisher's expense rather than as a cost passed on to the author, who, understandably, will often choose to spend her money on health care. In the age of tweets, it cannot be the fate of the book to become ever more tweetlike - maybe factual, maybe whatever. The book must stand apart, must stand above. Aremaining problem with "Upheaval" is one that cannot be fact-checked away, but, happily, is already being fixed across the world of letters. Until recently, in much of American life, and American writing, the default setting of human being was white and/or male. Today so much writing shatters this default, complicates the point of view. And "Upheaval" reminds us why that matters. When Diamond describes "highly egalitarian social values" as an ethos that has "remained unchanged" in Australia, despite having written a chapter about the country's history of legalized racism, he is using a definition of egalitarian that applies only to white people. When he says, "Social status in Japan depends more on education than on heredity and family connection," he is ignoring what it means to be born a woman. "Of course, my list of U.S. problems isn't exhaustive," he admits. "Problems that 1 don't discuss include race relations and the role of women." You know, the problems affecting the vast majority of Americans. I almost felt bad for Diamond when, toward the end, he described "an evening with two women friends, one of them a psychologically naive optimist in her 20 s, the other a perceptive person in her 70s." What made the young woman "psychologically naive" to him was that she dated someone who it took her time to see was terrible. (If that's a crime, jail us all.) 1 felt a strange sympathy for Diamond, who is in his early 80s, because clearly he didn't realize how tone-deaf it is, in 2019, for an established male author to go around labeling a young woman making pretty normal life mistakes as "psychologically naive." But Diamond is proud to be from another time. He tells us his manuscripts are typed by someone else, he relies on his wife and secretary to use a computer, and he clings to the belief that video games are "solitary," even if massively multiplayer online games are where a growing number of Americans go to be social. He also thinks phones are ruining America because people check them every four minutes. But 1 have to say, 1 was doing just that while reading his book, and 1 was doing it because so many things 1 read didn't sound accurate, and 1, for one, think it's an improvement when 30,000foot authority can be challenged by Googling from bed. On a beach some time ago, I read Jill Lepore's new history of the United States, "These Truths." It is no less ambitious than "Upheaval." But it is a new kind of big book for a new age. We know so much more now. We know the stories that haven't been told, the points of view that have been neglected. Lepore manages to tell many stories, ever shifting her own perspective. She has no pat Framework, no bullet-point theory to test. She tells earthy stories about people famous and obscure, and she is confident enough to let the ideas emerge. She writes from the soil up, not the sky down. ANAND GIRIDHARADAS is the author, most recently, of "Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World."
Critique du Library Journal
In Guns, Germs, and Steel and later in Collapse, Diamond (geography, Univ. of California Los Angeles) demonstrated the ability to extract answers from unwieldy masses of information and apply it to understanding questions of today. This newest offering complements the former two and completes the author's trilogy by focusing on the resources six nations drew on to deal with crisis. The cases are: Finland after the Soviets invaded in 1939; Japan following the arrival of U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853; Chile post-Augusto Pinochet; Indonesia after presidents Sukarno and Suharto; Germany in the aftermath of World War II; and Australia's demographic transformation into the multiethnic society it is today. Diamond draws on crisis therapy to compose a list of enablers of change and applies them to these nations' behavior in their time of stress. In conclusion, he considers current problems, especially political partisanship, facing Japan and the United States, and briefly discusses other global threats to political stability. VERDICT Diamond is a master at explicating matters of pressing importance. His earlier books garnered a vast readership, and there will be equal demand for this one, too. [See Prepub Alert, 11/5/18.]-David Keymer, Cleveland © Copyright 2019. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.